Exopolysaccharide Isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects via the Toll–LikeReceptor4 Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells
Inflammation is a biological response to the immune system to defend the body of negative stimulation. However, the excessive inflammatory response can damage host tissues and pose serious threats. Exopolysaccharide (EPS), one of the postbiotics, is secreted with respect to lactic acid bacteria. Although many studies have described the beneficial effects of EPS, such as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, its underlying mechanisms have remained poorly understood. Thus, we have identified that the EPS obtained from Lactobacillus Plantarum L-14 were homogeneous polysaccharide composed mainly of glucose. To examine these anti-inflammatory effects, an inflammatory response has been induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with pretreated Mouse 264.7 mouse and EPS macrophage cells.
The anti-inflammatory effects of EPAs have been identified by analyzing changes in inflammatory markers at the molecular level. We demonstrate here that the preflammatory mediators of the EPS have removed EPS, such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, the tumor-α-α and interleukin-1β factor and decreased the expression of An inducible nitric oxide synthase known to cause an oxidative constraint. It has also been confirmed that the EPA had anti-inflammatory effects by blocking the LPS interaction with a toll (TLR4) receptor (TLR4), as demonstrated using TAK-242 TLR4 inhibitor. In addition, we found that the EPS itself could delete the expression of TLR4. Therefore, our data suggest that EPAs can be a potential target for the development of natural drug derivative drugs to treat inflammatory diseases related to TLR4.
The preconditioning of mycophenolate Mofofetil protects the liver from the mouse against the ischemia / lesion of the ePaction in the wild type and <em> toll </ em> – <em> like </ em> <em> receiver </ em> <em> 4 </ em> knockout and mouse
Context: Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF), Immunosuppressive drug, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the organs during an injury to ischemia / reperfusion (I / R). However, the exact function of MMF in a hepatic injury I / R remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and the potential mechanism of MMF protection in Hepatic Injuries I / R.
Methods: Male Wild Type (WT) and TLR4 Knockout (KO) The mice were injected intraperitoneally with MMF or normal saline. The animals suffered 90 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia, followed by 1, 6 or 24 hours of reperfusion. Hepatic Histology, serum amiotransferase, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatocyte autophagia were examined to evaluate liver injuries.
Results: The treatment with MMF has decreased considerably of a hepatic injury I / R, as indicated by a reduction in serum aminotransferase levels, suzuki scores and the general degree of necrosis. MMF processing has significantly inhibited TLR4 activation. The MMF administration has also significantly inhibited the activation of the NF-KB channel and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the mice TLR4 KO, MMF has always exerted protection against hepatic injuries I / R. The MMF treatment has inhibited the apoptosis of the hepatocyte, as indicated by the reduced tunnel coloring and reduces the accumulation of clevered caspase. 3. In addition, MMF can induce autophagy and increase the self-phage flow before and after hepatic reperfusion by increasing the expression of LC3-II, P62 and Beclin-1. The induction of autophagy by MMF treatment can be linked to TLR4 activation.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that MMF processing improves hepatic injury I / A. The action mechanism probably involves MMF’s ability to reduce apoptosis and inflammatory response while inducing autophagy.
Exopolysaccharide Isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects via the Toll–LikeReceptor4 Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells
Statins inhibit <em> toll </ em> – <em> like </ em> <em> </ em> <em> 4 </ em> medicated growth of adenocarcinoma cells of human esophagus
Background: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a deadly malignancy with a bad prognosis. Pharmacological inhibitors of inflammation, such as statins, have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of development and progression of esophagus cancer, but the mechanism of this protection is not clear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of statins on the toll receptor of the mediation proliferation of the human face and to identify the mechanism responsible for these observed effects.
Methods: Human EAC cells (OE33 and FLO1) have been treated with simvastatin or atorvastatin to increase doses and periods of time. The expression of the till type 4 (TLR4) has been evaluated. The cells were pretreated with the statin followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation and the expression of signaling proteins have been evaluated. FLO1 cells were injected into the naked mouse side. The mice received intraperitoneal injections of the simvastatin, atorvastatin or the control solution and the volume of the tumor was measured.
Results: OE33 and FLO1 cells have demonstrated reduced expression of TLR4 after treatment with simvastatin or atorvastatin for 8 h (p <0.05). The increased proliferation of the LPS, while pretreatment with the statin abolished this response (p <0.05). Statins decreased the expression and activation of LPS-induced signaling proteins, including MyD88, Traf6, AKT and NF-κB (p <0.05). Mice receiving statin daily injections have demonstrated smaller tumors than control mice (p <0.001 to day 33).
Conclusions: The treatment of EAC cells with simvastatin or atorvastatin decreases the mediation proliferation of the TLR4 and the growth of the Vivo tumor. The decrease in the expression of TLR4 and a subsequent reduction of the dependent signaling of MyD88 could be a mechanism by which statins act to reduce tumor growth rates.
Description: Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine secreted by TH2 lymphocytes that acts as a regulator of a variety of hematopoietic cells, stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis (1,2). It functions through the interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R), which activates different signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins (3). The IL-9 gene has been identified as a candidate gene for asthma (4). Genetic studies on a mouse model of asthma demonstrated that this cytokine is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (5).
Description: Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine secreted by TH2 lymphocytes that acts as a regulator of a variety of hematopoietic cells, stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis (1,2). It functions through the interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R), which activates different signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins (3). The IL-9 gene has been identified as a candidate gene for asthma (4). Genetic studies on a mouse model of asthma demonstrated that this cytokine is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (5).
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Interleukin-9 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated single polypeptide chain containing 127 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14,004 Dalton. ;The IL-9 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells. Recombinant human IL-9 is a 14.0 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 Human Recombinant produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight range of 38-48kDa due to glycosylation.;The IL9 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: IL-9 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain (19-144 a.a.) including an 18 aa signal peptide (1-18 aa) and fused to a 6 aa His Tag at C-terminus containing a total of 150 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14.5kDa.;IL9 shows multiple bands between 18-28kDa on SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine produced by T-helper cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. It is required for T-cell proliferation and other activities crucial to the regulation of the immune response. Swine IL-2 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-2 produced in yeast.
Description: Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, is an ELR-positive CXC family member chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. ELR-positive CXC chemokines such as IL-8 specifically induce the migration of neutrophils, and interact with chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Ovine IL-8 Recombinant Protein is purified interleukin-8 produced in yeast.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells. Recombinant human IL-9 is a 14.0 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells. Recombinant human IL-9 is a 14.0 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells. Recombinant murine IL-9 is a 14.3 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Whereas murine IL-9 can function on human cells, human IL-9 is inactive on mouse cells. Recombinant murine IL-9 is a 14.3 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease. Recombinant rat IL-9 is a 14.3 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: IL-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by IL-2 activated Th2 lymphocytes. IL-9 enhances the proliferation of T lymphocytes, mast cells, erthroid precursor cells and megakaryoblastic leukemia cell lines. Over-expression of IL-9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease. Recombinant rat IL-9 is a 14.3 kDa protein of 127 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine residues which are fully conserved between the human murine proteins.
Description: Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a secreted protein that belongs to the IL-7/IL-9 family. IL-9 supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T-cells. IL-9 stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. It functions through the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R), which activates different signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins and thus connects this cytokine to various biological processes. IL-9 has been identified as a candidate gene for asthma. IL-9 is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human IL-9 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human IL-9 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Rat Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Rat Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Chicken Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Chicken Interleukin 9, IL-9 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Interleukin-9 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated single polypeptide chain containing 127 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14.3kDa. ;The IL-9 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Interleukin-9 Rat Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 127 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 14.3kDa.;The IL-9 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most serious blood cancers. Many studies have revealed that inflammation plays a vital role in the progression of hematopoietic malignants. Since the path of the till type 4 (TLR4), an important path involved in the induction of inflammation has already been associated with solid tumors, we hypothesized that it would be correlated with the physiopathological characteristics of patients AML and could be considered an anticancer target.
Parker
