Toll–Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Opioid Receptor Pathway Crosstalk and Impact on Opioid Analgesia, Immune Function, and Gastrointestinal Motility
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes exogenous pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous danger associated molecular patterns (muffle) and the initiation of the innate immune response. opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) activates the G-protein inhibition and relieve pain. This review summarizes the following types TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathways: (a) Opioid receptor agonist non-stereoselectively activates TLR4 signaling pathway in central nervous system (CNS), in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Opioids bind to TLR4, in a way consistent with LPS activates TLR4 signaling, which leads to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B cells (NF-kB) expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α , interleukin (IL) -1β, and IL-6. (B) Opioid receptor agonists inhibit LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway in the peripheral immune cells. Opioids are operating as pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in nerve inflammation in the CNS, but they mediate the immunosuppressive effects in the peripheral immune system. It is clear that the TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathways vary depending on cell type and stimulus activates. (C) Both TLR4 and opioid receptor pathway activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
This crosstalk is located downstream of TLR4 and opioid receptor signaling pathway. In addition, the classical opioid receptors can also produce pro-inflammatory effects in the CNS through the MAPK signaling and induces neuroinflammation. (D) Opioid receptor agonists induce the production of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 agonist, to support inter (neuron-to-glia or glia-to-neuron) interactions.
This review also summarizes the potential impact of TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathway in opioid analgesia, immune function and gastrointestinal motility. Opioid non-stereoselectively activate TLR4 pathway, and together with the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 by glia, indicating TLR4 signaling the initiation of immune responses and modify opioid pharmacodynamic center. The WET HMGB1 was associated with the development of neuropathic pain. To explain the morphine-induced sensitization persistent, positive feedback has been proposed;
This involves the morphine-induced reinforced the initial release of IL-1β and subsequent release of aggravated damping, which increases activation of TLR4 and P2X7R purinergic receptors. opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) agonists are involved in many aspects of immunosuppression. Intracellular TLR4 / opioid receptor signaling crosstalk pathway induces the formation of β-Arrestin-2 / TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex, which contributes to morphine-induced inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in mast cells. A possible molecular mechanism is that TLR4 pathway was initially triggers the formation of β-Arrestin-2 / TRAF6 complex, which is reinforced by the opioid receptor signaling, indicates that β-Arrestin-2 acts as a functional component of TLR4 pathway.
specific contribution of Tol – like receptor 4 for intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory diseases
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a protein that is highly conserved innate immunity, which is responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis and immune recognition of internal and external ligand. TLR4 is expressed in various types of cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the populations of epithelial and immune cells.
TLR3 Peptide |
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MBS152737-005mg | MyBiosource | 0.05mg | EUR 175 |
TLR3 Peptide |
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MBS152737-5x005mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.05mg | EUR 770 |
TLR3 Peptide |
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MBS544578-025mg | MyBiosource | 0.25mg | EUR 280 |
TLR3 Peptide |
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MBS544578-5x025mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.25mg | EUR 1110 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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33R-10492 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 418.8 |
Description: A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TLR3 antibody, catalog no. 20R-1577 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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33R-10763 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 145 |
Description: A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of TLR3 antibody, catalog no. 70R-11830 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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3445RBP-50 | Biovision | each | EUR 183.6 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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DF6415-BP | Affbiotech | 1mg | EUR 234 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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MBS9617966-1mg | MyBiosource | 1mg | EUR 380 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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MBS9617966-5x1mg | MyBiosource | 5x1mg | EUR 1650 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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MBS9625788-1mg | MyBiosource | 1mg | EUR 380 |
TLR3 Blocking Peptide |
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MBS9625788-5x1mg | MyBiosource | 5x1mg | EUR 1650 |
Mast Cell-Degranulating Peptide (MCD Peptide) / Peptide 401 |
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004-04 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 140.4 |
Peptide T |
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057-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 140.4 |
FGL Peptide |
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073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 214.92 |
APK peptide |
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076-81 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 199.8 |
NEF peptide |
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076-83 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 140.4 |
SHA peptide |
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076-84 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 177.12 |
YSY peptide |
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076-86 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 230.04 |
Peptide E / 3200-Dalton Adrenal Enkephalin-Containing Peptide (Bovine) |
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024-57 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 86.4 |
PSTAIR Peptide |
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070-61 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 129.6 |
PGMtide Peptide |
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040-69 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 316.44 |
Adjuvant Peptide |
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070-05 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 36.72 |
Peptide-epsilon |
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058-22 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 114.48 |
Delicious Peptide |
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070-21 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 160.92 |
proSex peptide (20-55) |
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040-30 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 355.32 |
proSex peptide (28-55) |
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040-31 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 282.96 |
proSex peptide (40-55) |
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040-32 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Bombinin-Like Peptide 1 amide / prepro-Bombinin-Like Peptide (44-70) amide / prepro-Bombinin-Like Peptide (107-133) amide |
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007-60 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Peptide F-9 |
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038-06 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 58.32 |
Sturgeon Peptide (137-158) |
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021-94 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Peptide Lv (Rat) |
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008-73 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 469.8 |
NGR Peptide 1 |
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025-74 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 184.68 |
Anorexigenic Peptide |
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070-10 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 86.4 |
GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-13) / GnRH Precursor Peptide (14-26) (Human) |
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029-03 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 114.48 |
GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-24) / GnRH Precursor Peptide (14-37) (Human) |
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029-04 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 114.48 |
GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-53) / GnRH Precursor Peptide (14-66) (Human) |
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029-05 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 267.84 |
GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (25-53) / GnRH Precursor Peptide (38-66) (Human) |
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029-06 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 114.48 |
Bid BH3 peptide |
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025-87 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 170.64 |
AF-16 Peptide |
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033-44 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Peptide Lv (Human) |
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008-71 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 405 |
Peptide Lv (Mouse) |
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008-72 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 469.8 |
GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-13) / Gn-RH Precursor Peptide (14-26) (Rat) |
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029-08 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 64.8 |
Peptide B (Bovine) |
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024-56 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 81 |
Peptide F (Bovine) |
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024-58 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 114.48 |
ExE peptide M3mP6 |
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064-33 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 244.08 |
PLP Peptide (103-116) (Bovine) |
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070-14 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 140.4 |
FMRF-Like Peptide |
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047-32 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 27 |
Joining Peptide (Rat) |
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047-91 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 160.92 |
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-Related Peptide-1 (fGRP-RP-1) (Frog) |
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048-80 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-Related Peptide-2 (fGRP-RP-2) (Frog) |
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048-81 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-Related Peptide-3 (fGRP-RP-3) (Frog) |
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048-82 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Peptide T (4-8) |
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057-04 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 64.8 |
Peptide T (5-8) |
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057-05 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 64.8 |
Vasonatrin Peptide (VNP) |
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005-47 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Opioid Peptide Library |
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L-002 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 58 peptides | EUR 2691.36 |
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine 27 (PHI-27) / Porcine Intestinal Peptide (Porcine) |
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064-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 108 |
Heparin Binding Peptide |
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025-47 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 102.6 |
Gastrin Related Peptide |
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027-09 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 73.44 |
PGMtide Control Peptide |
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040-70 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 316.44 |
Growth Blocking Peptide |
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046-92 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 255.96 |
Neuron Specific Peptide |
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047-55 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 140.4 |
Obesity Peptide Library |
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L-003 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 160 peptides | EUR 7267.32 |
[D-Ala1]-Peptide T |
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057-02 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 282.96 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (Human) |
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059-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 119.88 |
Eledoisin Related Peptide |
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046-04 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 58.32 |
proSex peptide (28-55) - EIA Kit |
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EK-040-31 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 96 wells | EUR 603.72 |
Peptide F 1 (Lobster) |
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047-62 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 73.44 |
Morphine Tolerance Peptide |
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050-13 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 102.6 |
Phosphate Acceptor Peptide |
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058-24 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 73.44 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) |
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064-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 114.48 |
Peptide I / pro-Histine-Rich Basic Peptide (HRBP) (1-26) (Aplysia brasiliana) |
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047-39 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 444.96 |
Peptide II / pro-Histine-Rich Basic Peptide (HRBP) (29-40) (Aplysia brasiliana) |
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047-40 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Peptide I / pro-Histine-Rich Basic Peptide (HRBP) (1-26) (Aplysia californica) |
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047-42 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 444.96 |
Peptide II / pro-Histine-Rich Basic Peptide (HRBP) (29-40) (Aplysia californica) |
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047-43 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 214.92 |
FGL Peptide - Cy3 Labeled |
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FC3-073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 672.84 |
FGL Peptide - Cy5 Labeled |
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FC5-073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 756 |
FGL Peptide - FAM Labeled |
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FG-073-36A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 405 |
Pedal Peptide (Pep) (Aplysia) |
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047-61 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 177.12 |
ExE peptide M3mP6 mutant |
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064-35 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200ug | EUR 234.36 |
ExE peptide M3mP6 mutant |
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064-37 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200ug | EUR 234.36 |
FGL Peptide - FITC Labeled |
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FG-073-36B | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 405 |
AF-16 Peptide - Antibody |
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H-033-44 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μl | EUR 336.96 |
Schizophrenia Related Peptide |
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047-79 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 44.28 |
Insulin B (22-25) Peptide |
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035-08 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 86.4 |
Eosinophilotactic Peptide (AGSE) |
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070-28 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 27 |
Eosinophilotactic Peptide (VGSE) |
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070-29 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 27 |
Cell Penetrating ARF Peptide (26-44) |
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068-56 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 640.44 |
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine 27 (PHI-27) / Porcine Intestinal Peptide (Porcine) - RIA Kit |
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RK-064-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 125 tubes | EUR 932.04 |
FGL Peptide - Biotin Labeled |
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B-073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 405 |
Peptide F (Bovine) - Antibody |
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H-024-58 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 50 μl | EUR 238.68 |
Brain Peptide (Bees) Library |
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L-007 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 51 peptides | EUR 6456.24 |
Gastrointestinal Peptide Library |
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L-006 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 peptides | EUR 7267.32 |
Peptide R / CXCR4 Antagonist |
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030-25 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 203.04 |
PGMtide Peptide - Cy3 Labeled |
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FC3-040-69 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 925.56 |
PGMtide Peptide - FAM Labeled |
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FG-040-69A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 nmol | EUR 537.84 |
[D-Arg14, D-Arg15]-MGF Peptide amide / C-terminal peptide of IGF-1 Ec amide |
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033-34 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) - Antibody |
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H-064-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 50 μl | EUR 238.68 |
[D-Ala1]-Peptide T amide |
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057-03 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 140.4 |
Peptide F (Bovine) - RIA Kit |
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RK-024-58 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 125 tubes | EUR 932.04 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) - RIA Kit |
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RK-064-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 125 tubes | EUR 932.04 |
Catch-Relaxing Peptide (CARP) |
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047-20 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 199.8 |
Calmodulin Binding Peptide 1 |
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070-17 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 214.92 |
FGL Peptide - Rhodamine Labeled |
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FR-073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 537.84 |
Peptide-Depleted Plasma (Rat) |
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MB-099-02 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 2 ml | EUR 119.88 |
Glycogenolysis-Inhibiting Peptide |
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023-63 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Anti-Inflammatory Peptide 1 |
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004-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 27 |
Anti-Inflammatory Peptide 2 |
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004-02 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 27 |
Anti-Inflammatory Peptide 3 |
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004-03 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 27 |
Urokinase-Derived Peptide A6 |
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025-12 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 129.6 |
PGMtide Peptide - Biotin Labeled |
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B-040-69 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 537.84 |
Peptide 34 / GPR-54 Agonist |
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048-94 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 114.48 |
FGL Peptide - I-125 Labeled |
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T-073-36 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 10 μCi | EUR 1145.88 |
Peptide-Depleted Plasma (Human) |
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MB-099-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 2 ml | EUR 119.88 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) - FAM Labeled |
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FG-064-07A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 336.96 |
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine 27 (PHI-27) / Porcine Intestinal Peptide (Porcine) - I-125 Labeled |
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T-064-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 10 μCi | EUR 1145.88 |
F3 Peptide / HMGN2 Fragment 3 |
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004-12 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Antimicrobial Trp-rich peptide |
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004-05 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 140.4 |
Fibronectin CS1 Peptide (EILDVPST) |
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025-20 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 86.4 |
Myosin Kinase Inhibiting Peptide |
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058-20 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 50.76 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36) (Human) |
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059-02 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 102.6 |
PGMtide Peptide - Rhodamine Labeled |
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FR-040-69 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 nmol | EUR 604.8 |
Anti-Angiogenic Peptide Library |
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L-008A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 88 peptides | EUR 6067.44 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (Human) - Antibody |
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H-059-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μl | EUR 469.8 |
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine 27 (PHI-27) / Porcine Intestinal Peptide (Porcine) - Purified IgG Antibody |
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G-064-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 400 μg | EUR 438.48 |
Peptide A / p60v-src (137-157) |
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058-21 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 135 |
pro-Opionmelanocortin / J Peptide |
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022-22 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Cancer-Targeting Peptide Library |
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L-015 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 289 peptides | EUR 7253.28 |
C28 optimized peptide 6 (Human) |
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073-82 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 235.44 |
Kemptide / Phosphate Acceptor Peptide |
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058-16 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 36.72 |
Bioactive Secretory Peptide Library |
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L-009 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1016 peptides | EUR 31350.24 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (Human) - EIA Kit |
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EK-059-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 96 wells | EUR 617.76 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (Human) - RIA Kit |
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RK-059-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 125 tubes | EUR 814.32 |
Galanin-Like Peptide (GALP) (Rat) |
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026-52 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 282.96 |
PACAP-Related Peptide (PRP) (Rat) |
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052-11 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 86.4 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) - I-125 Labeled |
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T-064-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 10 μCi | EUR 1145.88 |
Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) |
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047-24 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 86.4 |
Virus Replication Inhibiting Peptide |
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070-85 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 160.92 |
Pri Peptide from sORF pri RNA |
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069-77 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 160.92 |
Alzheimer Fingerprint Peptide Library |
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L-011 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 85 peptides | EUR 6529.68 |
Annexin A1 Binding Peptide, IF7CRR |
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025-72 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 184.68 |
Galanin-Like Peptide (GALP) (Human) |
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026-51 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 230.04 |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) (Rat) |
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027-32 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 160.92 |
FMRF-Like Peptide (Helix aspersa) |
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047-31 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 27 |
PACAP-Related Peptide (PRP) (Human) |
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052-10 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 86.4 |
Scrambled Control for Pri Peptide |
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069-78 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 160.92 |
u PAR (84-95) Scrambled Peptide |
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072-47 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Kinetensin / Neurotensin Related Peptide |
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048-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 58.32 |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) (Frog) |
|||
027-33 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 160.92 |
Small Cardioactive Peptide A (SCPA) |
|||
047-76 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 64.8 |
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Peptide (985-996) |
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030-05 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 102.6 |
Peptide Histidine Methionine 27 (PHM-27) / Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) (Human) - Purified IgG Antibody |
|||
G-064-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 400 μg | EUR 438.48 |
Galanin-Like Peptide (GALP) (Porcine) |
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026-50 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 230.04 |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) (Human) |
|||
027-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 119.88 |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) (Mouse) |
|||
027-40 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 160.92 |
PGMtide Control Peptide - Cy3 Labeled |
|||
FC3-040-70 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 925.56 |
PGMtide Control Peptide - FAM Labeled |
|||
FG-040-70A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 nmol | EUR 537.84 |
Growth Blocking Peptide - FAM Labeled |
|||
FG-046-92A | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 nmol | EUR 336.96 |
Chop-Suey / Variety Peptide Library |
|||
L-001 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 238 peptides | EUR 7400.16 |
T3 Peptide / Tumstatin (69-88) (Human) |
|||
016-50 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 255.96 |
T7 Peptide / Tumstatin (74-98) (Human) |
|||
016-51 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 255.96 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (1-36)-Gly (Human) |
|||
059-07 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 295.92 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36)-Gly (Human) |
|||
059-08 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 282.96 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (2-36)-Gly (Human) |
|||
059-11 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 267.84 |
Peptide YY (PYY) (4-36)-Gly (Human) |
|||
059-12 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 267.84 |
Hypocholesterolemic Peptide / IIAEK (Bovine) |
|||
028-37 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 177.12 |
Fractalkine Chemokine Domain peptide (41-52) (Human) |
|||
026-82 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 160.92 |
Fractalkine Chemokine Domain peptide (53-60) (Human) |
|||
026-83 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 135 |
Fractalkine Chemokine Domain peptide (60-71) (Human) |
|||
026-84 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 160.92 |
FMRF-Like Peptide ( Lymnae stagnalis) |
|||
047-30 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 5 mg | EUR 129.6 |
Peptide F (Bovine) - I-125 Labeled |
|||
T-024-58 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 10 μCi | EUR 1145.88 |
Kappa-Receptor, C-terminal peptide |
|||
002-98 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 469.8 |
Angiotensin II - constrained peptide 1 |
|||
004-09 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 165.24 |
VEGFR binding peptide KH / QKRKRKKSRKKH |
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007-58 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 158.76 |
Stresscopin Related Peptide (SRP) (Human) |
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019-27 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 214.92 |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) (Porcine) |
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027-13 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 114.48 |
Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) |
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070-22 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 500 μg | EUR 27 |
[Thr5]-Speract / Sperm Activating Peptide |
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070-71 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 1 mg | EUR 114.48 |
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine 27 (PHI-27) / Porcine Intestinal Peptide (Porcine) - I-125 Labeled Purified IgG |
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T-G-064-01 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 10 μCi | EUR 1145.88 |
[D-Ala1]-Peptide T - Biotin Labeled |
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B-057-02 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 316.44 |
F3 Peptide (4-13) / HMGN2 Fragment 3 (4-13) |
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004-13 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 177.12 |
PGMtide Control Peptide - Biotin Labeled |
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B-040-70 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 537.84 |
Growth Blocking Peptide - Biotin Labeled |
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B-046-92 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 20 μg | EUR 336.96 |
Orphan Receptor Peptide Ligand Library |
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L-005 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 150 peptides | EUR 7938 |
Nesfatin-1-Like Peptide (NLP) (Rat) |
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009-85 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 461.16 |
SHAAG Peptide / Chemokine (46-63) (Human) |
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072-32 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 160.92 |
C28 optimized peptide 15 Dimer (Human) |
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073-86 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 420.12 |
Prolactin-Releasing Peptide-31 (PrRP-31) (Rat) |
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008-52 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 199.8 |
Prolactin-Releasing Peptide-20 (PrRP-20) (Rat) |
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008-53 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 200 μg | EUR 199.8 |
Osteoblast Activating Peptide (OBAP) (Human) |
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055-52 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 100 μg | EUR 199.8 |
In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 was very helpful in homeostasis by forming microbiome host, promoting the production of immunoglobulin A, and set the follicle-associated epithelium permeability.