Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes exogenous pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous danger associated molecular patterns (muffle) and the initiation of the innate immune response. opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) activates the G-protein inhibition and relieve pain. This review summarizes the following types TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathways: (a) Opioid receptor agonist non-stereoselectively activates TLR4 signaling pathway in central nervous system (CNS), in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Opioids bind to TLR4, in a way consistent with LPS activates TLR4 signaling, which leads to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B cells (NF-kB) expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α , interleukin (IL) -1β, and IL-6. (B) Opioid receptor agonists inhibit LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway in the peripheral immune cells. Opioids are operating as pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in nerve inflammation in the CNS, but they mediate the immunosuppressive effects in the peripheral immune system. It is clear that the TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathways vary depending on cell type and stimulus activates. (C) Both TLR4 and opioid receptor pathway activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
This crosstalk is located downstream of TLR4 and opioid receptor signaling pathway. In addition, the classical opioid receptors can also produce pro-inflammatory effects in the CNS through the MAPK signaling and induces neuroinflammation. (D) Opioid receptor agonists induce the production of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 agonist, to support inter (neuron-to-glia or glia-to-neuron) interactions.
This review also summarizes the potential impact of TLR4 / opioid receptor crosstalk pathway in opioid analgesia, immune function and gastrointestinal motility. Opioid non-stereoselectively activate TLR4 pathway, and together with the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 by glia, indicating TLR4 signaling the initiation of immune responses and modify opioid pharmacodynamic center. The WET HMGB1 was associated with the development of neuropathic pain. To explain the morphine-induced sensitization persistent, positive feedback has been proposed;
This involves the morphine-induced reinforced the initial release of IL-1β and subsequent release of aggravated damping, which increases activation of TLR4 and P2X7R purinergic receptors. opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) agonists are involved in many aspects of immunosuppression. Intracellular TLR4 / opioid receptor signaling crosstalk pathway induces the formation of β-Arrestin-2 / TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex, which contributes to morphine-induced inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in mast cells. A possible molecular mechanism is that TLR4 pathway was initially triggers the formation of β-Arrestin-2 / TRAF6 complex, which is reinforced by the opioid receptor signaling, indicates that β-Arrestin-2 acts as a functional component of TLR4 pathway.
Toll–LikeReceptor4 (TLR4)/Opioid Receptor Pathway Crosstalk and Impact on Opioid Analgesia, Immune Function, and Gastrointestinal Motility
specific contribution of Tol – like receptor 4 for intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory diseases
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a protein that is highly conserved innate immunity, which is responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis and immune recognition of internal and external ligand. TLR4 is expressed in various types of cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the populations of epithelial and immune cells.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: TLR3 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR3 is known to recognize viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Recently it has been shown to recognize viruses such as Influenza A and West Nile Virus and can mediate entry of at least West Nile Virus.
Description: TLR3 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR3 is known to recognize viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Recently it has been shown to recognize viruses such as Influenza A and West Nile Virus and can mediate entry of at least West Nile Virus.
Description: TLR3 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR3 is known to recognize viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Recently it has been shown to recognize viruses such as Influenza A and West Nile Virus and can mediate entry of at least West Nile Virus.
Description: TLR3 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR3 is known to recognize viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Recently it has been shown to recognize viruses such as Influenza A and West Nile Virus and can mediate entry of at least West Nile Virus.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:500-1:2000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses. Use of alternative polyadenylation sites to generate different length transcripts has been noted for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses. Use of alternative polyadenylation sites to generate different length transcripts has been noted for this gene.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Canine C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Canine C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat C-Peptide in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR3. Recognizes TLR3 from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 (N-Terminus). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TLR3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 303CT19.9.2. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR3 (C-Terminus). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: Description of target: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene. The TLR3 gene was mapped to chromosome 4q35 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. TLR3 specifically recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and induces multiple intracellular events responsible for innate antiviral immunity against a number of viral infections.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 10 pg/ml
Description: Description of target: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses. Use of alternative polyadenylation sites to generate different length transcripts has been noted for this gene.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.055 ng/mL
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human TLR3 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Pre-made over-expression lentivirus for expressing human target: h TLR3 (toll-like receptor 3), [alternative names: CD283; IIAE2]. The sub-cloned codon sequence is identical (100% match) to CDS region in NCBI ID: NM_003265. It also contains a RFP-Blasticidin dual selection marker.
Description: Description of target: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses. Use of alternative polyadenylation sites to generate different length transcripts has been noted for this gene.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 0.055ng/mL
Description: Description of target: Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. TLR3 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by double-stranded RNA, a sign of viral infection. Acts via the adapter TRIF/TICAM1, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, IRF3 nuclear translocation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response (By similarity).;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 0.058ng/mL
In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 was very helpful in homeostasis by forming microbiome host, promoting the production of immunoglobulin A, and set the follicle-associated epithelium permeability.
Parker
