Objective: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common human pathogens worldwide. However, the outcome of H. pylori infection is a real variable from mild asymptomatic lesions to malignant transformation. Many factors influence the outcome of infection is recommended for this, including the host immune and genetic susceptibility. Toll-like receptor (TLR) can recognize different microbial component and plays an important role in the mucosal immune response to H. pylori infection.
Materials and methods: The relationship between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene TLR2, 4, 9 and 10 and H. pylori associated gastric diseases investigated by molecular methods after confirmation of H. pylori infection. The study involved 210 patients in three groups; Chronic gastritis (n = 90), peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (n = 75) and gastric carcinoma (n = 45).
Results: The results showed a significant association between TLR4 SNP (rs 4.98679 million and rs 4986791) and the presence of H. pylori infection, particularly in patients with chronic gastritis group. Furthermore, TLR9-rs352140 TT genotype is more common among patients with chronic gastritis group. TLR10-rs 10,004,195 TT genotype was found to be less prevalent among H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis and PUD and is thought to have a protective effect. TLR2 SNP (rs3804099 and rs3804100) showed no statistically significant differences between patients with H. pylori-infected and control.
Conclusion: TLR gene polymorphisms may play a role in the susceptibility of H. pylori infection and can affect its outcome; However, factors other ethnic and can modify this effect.
Association of toll-like receptors 2, 4, 9 and 10 genes polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori-related gastric diseases in Saudi patients
Mitoxantrone, pixantrone and mitoxantrone (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine is toll – like receptor 4 antagonist, inhibits NF activation kB, and reduce the secretion of TNF-alpha in primary microglia
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes various endogenous ligands and microbes and is an important part of the innate immune system. TLR4 signaling the initiation of the transcription factor NF-kB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TLR4 contributes to the development or progression of various diseases including stroke, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, and better treatment was sought for this condition. In this study, the library 140 000 compounds were almost filtered and the resulting hit-list of 1000 compounds was tested using cellular reporter systems.
The topoisomerase II inhibitor mitoxantrone and analog pixantrone and mitoxantrone (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine is identified as an inhibitor of TLR4 and NF-kB activation. Mitoxantrone was shown to bind directly to TLR4, and pixantrone and mitoxantrone (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine was shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha (TNF) in primary microglia. The inhibitory effect on the activation of NF-kB or TNF production is not mediated through cytotoxity in ≤ 1 pM concentration, as assessed by the amount of ATP to mitoxantrone, pixantrone and mitoxantrone (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine was treated cells. This study thus identifies a new mechanism of action for the mitoxantrone, pixantrone and mitoxantrone (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine through TLR4.
Description: TLR2 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors such as Protein Kinase C (PKC) alpha/beta and NF-κB. TLR2 can form heterodimers with either TLR1 or TLR6, and as a heterodimer can recognize a variety of bacterial and mycoplasma lipoproteins respectively.
Description: TLR2 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors such as Protein Kinase C (PKC) alpha/beta and NF-κB. TLR2 can form heterodimers with either TLR1 or TLR6, and as a heterodimer can recognize a variety of bacterial and mycoplasma lipoproteins respectively.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR2. Recognizes TLR2 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:5000, WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR2. Recognizes TLR2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1:200-500.ELISA:1/10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR2. Recognizes TLR2 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR2. Recognizes TLR2 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:5000, WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against TLR2. Recognizes TLR2 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR2 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR2 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of TLR2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TLR2 antibody is for IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen recombinant protein
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. This protein is a cell-surface protein that can form heterodimers with other TLR family members to recognize conserved molecules derived from microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of TLRs by PAMPs leads to an up-regulation of signaling pathways to modulate the host's inflammatory response. This gene is also thought to promote apoptosis in response to bacterial lipoproteins. This gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. This protein is a cell-surface protein that can form heterodimers with other TLR family members to recognize conserved molecules derived from microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of TLRs by PAMPs leads to an up-regulation of signaling pathways to modulate the host's inflammatory response. This gene is also thought to promote apoptosis in response to bacterial lipoproteins. This gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. This protein is a cell-surface protein that can form heterodimers with other TLR family members to recognize conserved molecules derived from microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of TLRs by PAMPs leads to an up-regulation of signaling pathways to modulate the host's inflammatory response. This gene is also thought to promote apoptosis in response to bacterial lipoproteins. This gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR2 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human TLR2 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. This protein is a cell-surface protein that can form heterodimers with other TLR family members to recognize conserved molecules derived from microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of TLRs by PAMPs leads to an up-regulation of signaling pathways to modulate the host's inflammatory response. This gene is also thought to promote apoptosis in response to bacterial lipoproteins. This gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. This protein is a cell-surface protein that can form heterodimers with other TLR family members to recognize conserved molecules derived from microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of TLRs by PAMPs leads to an up-regulation of signaling pathways to modulate the host's inflammatory response. This gene is also thought to promote apoptosis in response to bacterial lipoproteins. This gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
However, most of the evidence is still ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies fail to provide epithelial difference on the expression of TLR4 immune cells, preventing the specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacted the translation of results. The following provides an overview of critical reviews the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and contributing to the homeostasis of the gut / immune and inflammatory diseases.
Parker
